ILO Working Paper 140 (2025): Generative AI and Jobs: A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure
Task-level occupational exposure framework for generative AI, built from expert input and model predictions.
OPEN SOURCE ↗Data entry is the most mechanically repetitive cognitive task in existence. It is the first domino. Large organisations have already automated major portions of this workflow.
Data entry clerks translate information from one format to another — paper to screen, image to database, spoken word to text. Every single one of these translations is now performed faster, cheaper, and more accurately by optical character recognition, natural language processing, and robotic process automation.
The argument is not that AI *could* do this job. The evidence suggests AI can already perform substantial parts of this job in many organisations. What remains is the lag of institutional inertia, budget cycles, and middle managers who haven't updated their software procurement in six years. That lag expires by the coming years in developed economies.
In emerging markets with vast armies of low-wage data entry workers — Bangladesh, the Philippines, India's BPO sector — the timeline extends to the next several years, not because AI cannot do it, but because the economics of replacement haven't yet tipped. They will.
Large global workforces still perform this kind of task, but cross-country totals vary by classification. large numbers people. A cautious scenario on this site suggests 800,000 roles will remain by the coming years — in niche legacy environments, regulatory-mandated human oversight positions, and infrastructure-poor regions. Many remaining roles are likely to be redesigned, consolidated, or reduced rather than preserved in their current form.
These are the strongest arguments for why this job might survive. We take them seriously. Below each is the counterargument that explains why they are insufficient.
Put the case that Data Entry Clerk will survive AI displacement. The system responds with counterarguments from the research base. Strong arguments shift the score — up to a maximum of ±15 points. The system is not an AI. It is a structured argument engine.
This question layer is generated from the job verdict, the resistance case, the regional rollout logic, and the evidence status of this page. Use the filters to focus the discussion, or trigger a random question and work through the role from multiple angles.
Replace broad inference with occupation-specific literature, regulators, labour statistics, or professional-body evidence before publication-grade use.
TIER 2 review queue with 6 core sources and 3 framework signals.
This page is grounded in task exposure research and labour-market trend reports, then translated into a reasoned occupation-level argument.
This site now treats exact timelines, total job-loss counts, and regional speed as interpretive estimates unless a cited source states them directly. The argument on this page should be read as a structured forecast, not a guaranteed future.
These impact figures are site estimates for comparison and should not be read as official labour-market counts.
Task-level occupational exposure framework for generative AI, built from expert input and model predictions.
OPEN SOURCE ↗Finds clerical work is the most highly exposed occupational group and that augmentation is often more likely than full occupation automation.
OPEN SOURCE ↗Shows AI exposure is highest in many white-collar cognitive occupations, while manual occupations tend to have lower exposure.
OPEN SOURCE ↗Advanced economies are more exposed to AI because they have more cognitive-intensive jobs; infrastructure and skills limit adoption elsewhere.
OPEN SOURCE ↗Large-employer survey showing clerical roles among the fastest-declining and care, education, software and green-transition jobs among growth areas.
OPEN SOURCE ↗Argues advanced economies are better positioned to benefit from AI due to infrastructure, skills, and institutions.
OPEN SOURCE ↗